The Odyssey, By Homer - 1388 Words

Is a hero only characterized by their success? If a leader’s last actions carry them to victory, are their flaws unimportant? The Odyssey by Homer narrates the ancient myth of a leader coming home from war in Troy who faces many trials, and despite returning home alone without any of his crew, he is looked upon as a hero for having survived. His ultimately sole success continues to define him, although the bitter truth being that he was the leader of his men when they all perished. As flaws of the all-mighty Odysseus and his crew are presented through their responses to the challenges they experience on their journey, people of the modern world may begin to understand that there exist several flaws that plague all men, whether they live now or lived thousands of years ago, and whether they are leaders or followers. The Odyssey is important in its characters’ responses’ to their trials ability to evoke emotional reactions that cause the reader to ponder their own tendencies by revealing the human nature of pride to be the fuel of the impulsiveness that oscillates fate. The overconfidence of Odysseus, consumed with pride for past successes, evokes anger in the reader and causes them to understand the importance of humility in a world that has gone far but still has far to go. Having defeated Polyphemus, a cyclops, through clever cunning, Odysseus proclaims, â€Å"‘Cyclops—if any man on the face of the earth should ask you who blinded you, shamed you so—say Odysseus, raider ofShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey by Homer1210 Words   |  5 Pages Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey† takes place ten years after the events in â€Å"The Iliad†, to which the Odyssey is an indirect sequel, and the fall of Troy; even though the story is believed to have been composed some time during the eight century B.C.E. it is estimated to be set sometime between 1300 and 1000 B.C.E. in Mycenaean Greece during the Bronze age. In this novel all Greek heroes have returned home after the fall of Troy, except for Odysseus who after a three year jour ney has been held captive by theRead MoreThe Odyssey By The Homer1976 Words   |  8 PagesThe Odyssey is known as one of the greatest western literature in the world. The book covers many details of the relationship between Gods and humans. The author focuses on Odyssey honor, honesty, bravery, creativity, and nobility. Though the Odyssey has received many criticisms compare to the author other best work such as The Iliad, it has also been praised for its sophistication, complexity and thematic consistency. The book talks about Odysseus journey home to find his son and wife. It also talksRead MoreThe Odyssey by Homer1316 Words   |  6 Pagesthe time’s culture appropriately. This has been a necessary course of action, to ensure their writing conveys the quest and its respective elements in a manner that will be understood by the responder in the relevant time period. The texts ‘The Odyssey (Homer 8th Century BC), In the Shadow of No Towers (Art Spiegelman 2004) and T he Picture of Dorian Gray (Oscar Wilde 1890) have appropriated the archetypal quest in their respective time periods to reflect the values of their context. â€Å"The hero venturesRead MoreThe Odyssey, By Homer990 Words   |  4 Pages The Odyssey, written by Homer, is an epic poem that follows the victorious footsteps of Odysseus, a Greek hero, as he begins his journey to return home to Ithaca. The poem takes place between 750 and 650 B.C. in Greece, shortly after the Trojan War between the city of Troy and King of Sparta. Athena, daughter of Zeus and the goddess of wisdom, is a character that appears in disguise throughout the whole story. She controls when to disguise herself and when to make herself known; essentially havingRead MoreThe Odyssey by Homer1172 Words   |  5 Pages Homer’s, The Odyssey spins an exciting tale of war, fantasy, and magic spanning twenty years. However, the thrust of the story focuses on human relationships and Odysseus’s strong desire to reunite with his wife and soul mate, Penelope and their son Telemachus. However, to truly understand his desire return home, one must examine many facets of the epic. What is the significance of the turmoil experienced in the househol d during his absence? Is Penelope a cunning equal and meet spouse for OdysseusRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer1337 Words   |  6 PagesTaylor Michael CLAS342 Paper #2 November 28, 2014 The Odyssey is a work by Homer, written to take place ten years after the fall of Troy. In the Iliad Odysseus was not a crucial character, but this particular text follows him around and details his experience after the war. To give some background, He has yet to return to Ithaca in the beginning of the text, away from his wife now for the duration of the battles as well as these ten years following. While he was gone, his palace was overthrown byRead MoreThe Odyssey, By Homer Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe Odyssey, a text written by Homer, originates from Ionia (a part of Asia Minor). This epic poem relates the journeys of both Odysseus and Telemachus. During their journeys, they encounter a wide variety of hosts. Telemachus provides Mentes a great meal and is later also given a feast from King Nestor. In addition, King Nestor also gifted Telemachus two horses and a chariot; Athena gave Telemachus the gift of wise advice, for which he used to go on his journey. And as their pat hs crossed in a meetingRead MoreThe Odyssey by Homer1275 Words   |  5 Pages The Odyssey is one of the two epic Greek poems attributed to Homer. The Odyssey is the sequel of The Iliad and mainly focuses on Odysseus’s return from the battle of Troy to his home, Ithaca. Odysseus’s travels take him beyond the realm of the known world and he encounters many mythological beings, which he has never met before. Every encounter with these creatures in The Odyssey is full of adventures, twists and most important of all, life lessons. If we assume Odysseus’s longRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer829 Words   |  4 PagesThe Odyssey by Homer tells the story of a Greek warrior named Odysseus, who faces challenges placed upon him by the supernatural, or more specifically, the Greek gods and monsters. His journey begins while sailing home from Troy, where Odysseus had won the Trojan war for the Greeks. Odysseus’ ship is forced to dock on many islands, m ost of which have hostile environments. Odysseus serves as the model for an epic hero, a fictional character who possesses many traits admirable to his or her societyRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages8th century, The Odyssey, is Homer s epic of Odysseus 10-year struggle to return home after the Trojan War. Odysseus defining character traits, such as nobility, courage, thirst for the glory and the appealing confidence in his authority dominated the storyline throughout. The many themes of this epic mainly focus around the Greek hero Odysseus however in my essay I will attempt to analyze hospitality. Hospitality shaped an important part of social interactions in The Odyssey. Although Greek society

NASAs Changing Problem Essay - 613 Words

NASA’s Changing Problems Has anyone ever realized that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is slowly getting shut down for the whole world to see? This is changing NASA very much. It lost its shuttle program, it had budget cuts to missions to earth, and even a cut in education. NASA was founded by Dwight D. Eisenhower. NASA is most known for being the first company to send a person to the moon. It is easy to tell that NASA’s changed and is changing right now. The big question is what the change is happening to. One thing is for sure. This changing in NASA is definitely for the worst. The shuttle program has very drastically changed. The shuttle program is a program of reusable space ships. These shuttles saved The†¦show more content†¦Now NASA’s education budget has been drastically. NASA can no longer sponsor a lot of these things, which, in turn will slow down the process of getting kids interested in space and space exploration, so the USA will have to do that w ithout the helpful monetary support of NASA. This is what is concerning many people at NASA about what the future might hold for NASA. Missions to earth have been slowed down over the years. Missions to earth are when NASA sends a probe into space to look at the earth. This is significant because it helped us know more about how the cloud systems work and how storms work. The missions to earth have started to slow down. The missions to earth in the 1990’s were everywhere and for everything. Today, the Missions to earth are not so common. Many are done with, twenty-nine to be exact, twenty-seven are still operating, watching the earth, nine are under development still, and only five are being studied. This change means that NASA will not have as many missions to earth as before, maybe not any in a few years. This is concerning because it means that there could be something very alarming going on above the earth that might be very serious. NASA is ready to do amazing things. They plan to send astronauts to the moon for six months in only six years from now, 2020. NASAShow MoreRelatedNASAs Future Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Obama’s plan would change not only NASA’s objectives but also its budget – turning NASA’s sights towards Mars and near-by asteroids (Malik) and increasing its budget nearly 6 billion dollars over the next five years (Foust). This new plan has aroused both praise and criticism from the public and many key politicians and astronauts. Unfortunately there continues to be ample time to debate the subject. Since Congress yet to settle on a 2011 budget, NASA’s new course has not been legislated. LeavingRead MoreNasa s The Space Of Space999 Words   |  4 PagesAfter NASA’s moon landing among other achievements during the Space Race, many Americans yearned to explore the depths of the unknown Universe. From quasars to brown dwarf stars, there are many w onders that the universe holds for the human race if we decide to leap into the exploration of the universe. Some may believe that reaching for the stars is too costly. However, the exploration of space is within our grasp, and by increasing NASA’s funding, we are able to reach them. So yes, we should fundRead MoreNas The National Aeronautics And Space Administration1218 Words   |  5 Pagesbrilliant minds and leaps forward in technology. In order for space exploration to be successful we need it to be a priority. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has long been a pioneer in the field of space exploration, but due to changing political attitude it is at risk to lose much of its funding. NASA should not have its funding reduced because: NASA develops the technology that benefits the public; their missions bring countries together; they are developing technology we willRead MoreThe Ethics Of Sending Astronauts Into Space1295 Words   |  6 PagesGatehou se, states, â€Å"Its research projects, all competitively selected, ranged from studying kidney stones and sleep habits to the more subtle understanding of cell biology and fluid in the brain.† (Gatehouse, â€Å"A Nation Mourns†). Gatehouse supports NASA’s mission by recognizing the experiments they conducted aboard the Columbia. They were risking their lives to try and save others. Almost two years after the space program had ended, NASA asked for the help of health and ethic experts to protect astronautsRead MoreIt is Crucial to Keep Funding NASA1057 Words   |  5 Pagesevidence that life could have once lived on Mars (Daines). Also, astronauts at the International Space Station have made progress on learning what the effects on humans are when living in space (Daines). These advances could not have happened without NASA’s innovative technology and their drive to learn and explore. However, there are many arguments that go against the information that NASA collects: â€Å"Critics argue that the scientific knowledge gained by manned space missions is largely irrelevant toRead MoreThe Is Low Earth Orbit : Relevance Of The Science Fiction Article1409 Words   |  6 Pageslow Earth orbit. However, the lower you orbit, the less space there is as the surface area of an orbital path drops off as a squared function with the altitude. The obvious problem is this- How do we control the risk factors with â€Å"crowded skies,† while making sure that the market develops in a healthy, non-monopolistic way? NASA’s Commercial Orbit Transportation Services (COTS) program, managed by the Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (C3PO) is attempting to start the private industry in theRead MoreFinding The Difference Between Excellence And Disaster On A Real Life Project The Challenger Shuttle Disaster1598 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the booster and burn through the external fuel tank, causing the Challenger damaged. However, after problems searching, the Commission disclosed lack of proper communications between different levels of NASA management. The poor management accounted as a main reason that caused the shuttle disaster. CHAPTER 3 Review of the literature The Challenger shuttle disaster is known as NASA’s unfaithful and negligence over the project. The failures of launching this shuttle lead NASA to find out theRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration1464 Words   |  6 Pagescollege educated people. The answers to the most deep-rooted questions of humanity lie in space. Who are we, why are we here? Are we alone? Why spend money on spaceflight when we have plenty of problems here on earth? The money that we spend on spaceflight will circle around to solve the pressing problems back at home. Why use humans instead of robots? Nothing can match the tenacity and adaptability of a human and the sense of accomplishment achieved by human exploration. These things are just asRead MoreSpace Exploration : The Space Program959 Words   |  4 Pagesworldwide (Howell n.pag.). During NASA’s creation in 1958, no one could have anticipated the real world application that many of the technologies invented at NASA could actually change t he world. Over 100,000 people worldwide currently survive via artificial heart pump; however, the artificial heart pump would never have been possible without the genius minds at NASA. In 1995, Dr. Michael DeBakey teamed up with NASA to design an artificial heart pump based on the design of NASA’s space shuttle fuel pumpsRead MoreThe Benefits of Space Exploration Essay824 Words   |  4 Pagessetting foot on other planets, the spirit of exploration is the same. Bur now with the current economic situation and the high cost of sending people to space, NASA is being looked at as a way to free up some much needed funds. Although, there is many problems here on planet Earth that need addressing, the benefits of space exploration far out weight the disadvantages. Space exploration has given us more advanced technology, advances in the medical field, and a boost to the economy and these facts cannot

Looking At The Advanced Technology Of Construction Construction Essay Free Essays

The demand on application of advanced engineering in building industry necessitates uninterrupted employment of new engineering work force and geting of latest machinery. A building house would necessitate a immense investing in order to last in acquiring new occupations. Therefore, really frequently, a building undertaking is managed by a general contractor, which sublet the plants out to different subcontractors so that the general contractor can salvage on building cost to vie in monetary value [ 1 ] Subcontractors are specialist in the executing of a specific occupation, they act as a agents of the production system of the contractor company in providing stuffs, work force, equipment, tools or designs [ 2 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Advanced Technology Of Construction Construction Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chiang [ 1 ] concludes that farm outing is indispensable to salvage building cost of general contractors to vie on monetary value. Teixeira A ; Couto [ 3 ] besides agreed that increasing of specialization thorugh subcontracting can help in achieving the undertaking objectives. When the range of work and logical dependences between subcontractor plants are non to the full understand by general contractor and proprietors, it became a critical job to the success of complex and fast-paced undertakings. Cost judicial proceeding and disgruntled clients due to the struggle between general contractor, subcontractors and other undertaking participants would so followed [ 4 ] Subcontractor Subcontractor is a common term used in building. Due to the singularity of each building undertaking, the work force is transeunt, multiple trade are involved, each undertakings are planned and worked in short clip frames, and assortment of stuffs and equipments required, one individual building undertaking is frequently sublet to many subcontractors [ 2 ] , [ 5-12 ] . Subcontractors can lend more than 50 % [ 13 ] , and can be every bit much as 90 % of entire undertaking value to a building procedure [ 5 ] . A building undertaking is awarded to a general contractor or premier contractor or chief contractor or chief contractor, which resorts their work out to specialise outside house to transport out specific undertaking activities. General contractors are responsible for pull offing the undertaking such as contract disposal with clients, undertaking funding, stuff and equipment procuring, and supervising the undertaking advancement [ 14 ] . Harmonizing to Albino A ; Garavelli [ 13 ] , the general contractor ‘s perfomance are strongly dependent on subcontractors. This statement is reinforced by Mbachu [ 15 ] which stated that the ability of the general contractor and adviser to present the undertaking within clip, quality and cost depends mostly on public presentation of subcontractors. A subcontractor is a building house that contracts with a general contractor to execute some facet of the general contractor ‘s work. In most building undertakings, a critical function is played by subcontractors who are hired to execute specific undertakings on a undertaking. In the usual instance, the general contractor will execute the basic operations and farm out the balance to assorted forte contractors. Subcontracting is used much more extensively on lodging and edifice building undertakings than on technology and industrial undertakings [ 16 ] . Types of Subcontractors Attempts have been meade to distinguish subcontractors. In Hong Kong, Ng et Al. [ 6 ] classified subcontractors to ( i ) equipment-intensive subcontractors ( who are hired due to their specialized works and equipments ) , and ( two ) labour-intensive subcontractors ( those who are hired as a consequence of their specialized labour resources. Costantino et Al. [ 17 ] revealed that labour-only subcontractor beneficial the subcontractor by cut downing the cost of mobilisation and buying stuff. Furthermore, it besides offers economic advantages to the general contractor by avoiding the mark-up of full subcontracting. Quality jobs and claims may still happen in acquiring the supply of stuff for application of this labour-only subcontractor. Therefore, some general contractors prefer full subcontracting to switch hazard and liability. Partnering relationship between general contractor and subcontractors were proposed to make a win-win state of affairs [ 5 ] , [ 18 ] . Harmonizing to Lee et Al. [ 18 ] , this long-run relationship must be established to avoid adversarial relationship between general contractor and subcontractor. Several types of relationships between general contractor and subcontractor are discussed, competitory relationships and strategic relationships were among them. Comparison theoretical account based on dealing cost for both general contractor and subcontractor are developed severally for each relationship. Multilayer Subcontracting Further subcontracting by subcontractor, or called multilayer subcontracting/latent subcontractor, let the subcontractor to be less vulnerable to fluctuation in concern, have more flexibleness in work force coordination, and be able to cut down cost of direction [ 7 ] . In Turkish, pattern of farm outing work by subcontractors to secondary subcontractor is widespread [ 19 ] . A survey on 35 general contractors and 56 subcontractor organisations revealed that most of them are willing to sublease their work under overload of work or clip force per unit area. When â€Å" latent † subcontractor happened, the extent of subcontracting is even larger. â€Å" Latent † subcontracting, or multilayer subcontracting is the farther farm outing down the watercourse by subcontractors with or without the cognition or consent of the general contractor or client. This has been alleged to be one of the major causes of hapless building quality and building site safety in Hong Kong [ 1 ] , [ 7 ] . Ekstrom et Al. [ 20 ] argues that payment to the 2nd grade subcontractor/suppliers can be portion of the public presentation measuring when measuring subcontractor. Problems of Subcontracting Ability to pass on and organize the work of subcontractors has been identified as one of the chief conceptual determiners of building undertaking direction competency in China [ 21 ] . Subcontractor failure has been listed as one of the hazard allocated to general contractor in building contracts [ 22 ] . This is supported by El-Sayegh [ 23 ] which stated that subcontracting is hazardous and can take to low quality, delayed completion and insecure pattern. Another hazard created by subcontractor is the possibility of them to transgress contract and difference with the general contractor. Hence, subcontracting has been listed as one of the important factors doing hold United Arab Emirates [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] and Malaysia [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] . PERTINENT STUDIES ON SUBCONTRACTOR Focus of research workers goes to either finding the components of farm outing or developing new approaches/techniques to choose and/or manage subcontractors. Subcontractor has become an issue on its ain, separated from selection/management of general contractor by client/consultants due to its complexness. Numerous subcontractor choice and monitoring theoretical account has been proposed [ 4 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 28-30 ] . Choice of Subcontractor Many choice methods of subcontractors has been proposed in the literature. Arslan et Al. [ 28 ] developed a web-based subcontractor rating system ( WEBSES ) to ease the choice of subcontractors. The standards for measuring was identified by calculators of building house in USA based on a database of about 4000 subcontractor houses. Ng A ; Luu [ 31 ] developed a theoretical account for subcontractor enrollment determination through case-based logical thinking attack. 12 experts were interviewed to supply indispensable stairss needed for distinguishing good and bad subcontractors. The theoretical account developed use each properties ‘ calculated evaluations for designation of fiting instances and similarity mark of each single instances. The historical information of subcontrators can be retrieved and utilize for the current rating. Weighting of all atributes can be easy modified harmonizing to the users penchant, therefore the effectivity of this theoretical account is still really much depends on the experience and cognition of users. Manoharan [ 32 ] proposed a subcontractor choice method utilizing Analytic Hierarchy Process ( AHP ) based on 29 questionnaires collected from contractors involved in building undertakings located at Putrajaya, Malaysia. It is an Adept System to help the chief contractors in doing their determination by utilizing pairwise comparing. The determination shaper will necessitate to do their ain opinion on the comparative importance of each component with regard to the elements at a higher degree. Argument might happen when the opinion of different determination shapers are diverse. As an attempt to cut down the incidents of hold, and other possible jobs that might be originated from the jobs of choosing the incorrect sub-contractor, this survey aims to spread out the sample of survey as suggested by Manoharan [ 32 ] in the attempt of create an more dependable and applicable sub-contractor choice theoretical account. Management of Subcontractor Choosing the right subcontractor does non vouch the success of a building undertaking. Coordination and monitoring of subcontracted work during the building phase is indispensable. Ko et Al. [ 33 ] developed a Sub-contractors Performance Evaluation Model ( SPEM ) by using Evolutionary Fuzzy Neural Inference Model ( EFNIM ) . Subcontractors were evaluated by field overseers harmonizing to the types of subcontract. Different rating factors were adopted for different subcontract to accomplish just rating. Albino A ; Garavelli [ 13 ] proposed a evaluation system for direction of subcontractor by utilizing nervous web. An application instance related to the rating of possible subcontractors viing for a command has been used to demo the practical execution of this nervous web. In accessing the rival subcontractors, the determination shaper have to see five chief parametric quantities, viz. monetary value decrease, clip decrease, technical/qualitative feature of the command, contractual dependability of the rival, and direction accomplishments of the rival. The web will suggest a suited subcontractor based on old determinations made by the expert. Therefore, illustrations of old determinations need the expert to be inserted into this nervous web. Dainty et Al. [ 34 ] focused on supply concatenation ‘s direction from the position of subcontractor. The function of subcontractors in UK building industry is explored and followed by proposal of a model for turn toing current barriers to provide concatenation integrating. Decision Subcontractor has become a great topic to all the practicians in building industry due to the common pattern of subleasing building works into smaller bundles in building industry. Effective subcontractor choice and monitoring which can minimise the job would find the success of building companies. Problems of subcontractors, if ignored, can do an huge impact to the building undertaking, and can widen into the operation of the general contractor ‘s administration. Therefore, attending shall be given to the issues of subcontractor, which is the chief participant in about all the building undertakings. How to cite Looking At The Advanced Technology Of Construction Construction Essay, Essay examples

Inequality in Access to Modern Contraception-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInequality in Access to Modern Contraception in Nigeria. Answer: Introduction Health Care Issues are prevailing every nations of the world. This study emphasizes on Inequality in access to modern contraception in Nigeria. The use of the modern conceptive medicines has been unequally divided in Nigeria. This has created several problems for women in the country. The uptake of the contraceptive pills have caused disastrous effect on fertility of women. This report discusses about the challenges faced in Nigeria related to inequality in modern contraceptive. The Ottawa Charter has been discussed in the report with its implementation of the action area in this case. Data has been collected from the World Health Organization reports. This report outlines about critical analysis of the implementation of action area of Ottawa Charter in this case. The barriers in addressing this area of concern has been discussed in the report. Tis report focuses on strategies to mitigate these barriers and involvement of stakeholders into this matter. Ottawa Charter The Ottawa Charter is an international agreement made by World Health Organization (WHO) for health promotion. Health Promotion is process that enables people for increasing control over and improving the health care services in various health care organization (World Health Organization, 2017). Health promotion focuses on achieving equity on health care. It depicts equality in achieving heath care services for individuals. Health Promotion strategy requires identification of obstacles for securing adoption of health care policies in non-health sectors. In this case, health promotion in Nigeria has been focused by implementing one of the action area of Ottawa Charter. According to the case study, creating supportive environment is the action area that can be used in this case. A supportive environment is required in maintaining the statistical data regarding this case. The condition in the Nigeria has been worse by inequality in use of modern contraceptive. According to the survey done by WHO in Nigeria, there has been reduction in fertility by one child per woman. This has caused 13% reduction in GDP of the country in 20 years. Studies revealed that 30% to 40% of maternal deaths and 90% of induced abortion has occurred due to inequality in use of contraceptive (Fry Zask, 2016). Contraceptive use have minimizes the fertility rate and increase in threat of abortion among women in Nigeria. Fertility decline in an area is demographic depended, consequent reduce in poverty, enhancing economic growth and contributing to families and societies. Therefore, by supportive environment, the mentality of the human beings can be changed. Equality in the use of contraceptive for women might enhance. This policy have helped in maintaining the fertility rate in Nigeria. The supportive environment for use of modern contraceptive by women helps in controlling the rate of abortion and increase the rate of fertility in Nigeria. The family planning has been key option for the couples in the country. Before 1980s, family-planning programs was not a priority in Nigeria (Mendes, Plaza Wallerstein, 2016). Later on, this program has gained attention with the implementation of various policies by the Nigerian government. The policies include Nigerias National Population policy 1988. This policy was revised in 2004. The policy focuses on enhancing the use of modern contraceptives for health goals. The target for policy was to increase the use of contraceptive up to 80% among women (Lee, 2015). The revised policy concludes for a reduction to 75% by 2015. The fertility rate has reduce by 0.6 children per woman every five years and there is a 2% annual increase in proportion of women using contraceptives. Nigeria developed a blueprint for accelerating uptake of f amily planning with a target of increasing the national contraceptive prevalence rate to 36% by 2018 (Davies et al. 2014). According to 2013 NHDS, awareness about contraceptives is more and uptake is low. Only 15% of married women are using contraceptive and 10% are using modern family planning techniques. The statistic variables might be relieved by natural and behavioral components, for example, fertility, sexual movement and want for kids. African social orders are genius natalist, trust that kids are blessing from God, and are social and financial ventures; this has negative suggestions on utilization of contraceptives (Stock, Milczarski Saboga-Nunes, 2016). Couples and women who want more kids are less inclined to utilize contraceptives. Studies have discovered that a reverse relationship exists between quantity of living youngsters and utilization of present day contraceptives (Chen et al. 2016). A solid relationship has been found between womens training, particularly finished essential training and passage into auxiliary level, and ripeness decrease. A few examinations have detailed that womens instruction has a solid positive effect on prophylactic utilize (Gagn, T., Lapalme, J., Leroux, 2017). In Nigeria, training has been found to increment prophylactic utilize. Free of socioeconomic factors, information of contraceptives is determinant of prophylactic utilize. Introduction towards mass communications affects family planning arranging through ideation, which has been found to add to watched fertility decline. Proof from various researches uncovers that introduction to broad communications messages advancing family arranging may influence preventative conduct. In Nigeria, utilization of present day contraceptives, the expectation to utilize them, want for less youngsters were observed to be related with introduction to media message about family arranging. Planning Several steps are required during planning a project. In this, case the use of modern contraceptive among women has been described. The steps that are involved in the planning has been mentioned below: Understanding the timeline, resources, budget and contracts needed to implement the interventions Identification of stakeholders and ensuring appropriate participation and partnership Priorities interventions Phase in programs implementation. For completing a project plan: Prioritize interventions by ability for providing possible gain given the cost and available resources Preparing a budget Constructing a project implementation plan Arranging contracts for delivery of services and agreements on collaborative action Establishing a monitoring system. Challenges There are various challenges in implementation of equality in the use of modern contraceptive. These challenges are described below: Lack in Awareness There is a lack in the Nigerian people regarding the use of the contraceptive for women. The education system of the country is bad that have caused low literacy rate in the country. Therefore, there is an inequality in using the modern contraceptive among women. Due to inequality, the fertility rate of the country has been continuously decreasing by years (Eckermann, 2017). The consequences of the abnormal use of contraceptive in the society has been worse among the women. The health of women has been continuously degrading. Therefore, there is requirement of awareness among the people of Nigeria. Lack in policy The policy against these misconduct activities in the country has not been yet implemented properly. This have caused imbalance in the reproduction rate of the country. The improper use of contraceptive have caused different problems (Sarmiento Sarmiento, 2017). The government of Nigeria has not concerned about this problem. There is no strict policy made by the government against the inequality in the use of the modern contraceptive. Demographic In Nigeria, most of the married women plan their pregnancies without the use of the modern contraceptive. They stop child bearing without using the modern contraceptive. This has affected the reproduction rate in the country. Many women are having their child before 18 years of age, which is detrimental for both girl and child (Kickbusch Nutbeam, 2017). This causes high risk in the life of the girl. The use of the modern contraceptive can help them in this situation. However, they are not using the modern contraceptive. The Ottawa Charter has been an important part of the history in the field of health promotion among people. The ideas associated with the application of the Ottawa Charter has been properly magnified in the first part. The post colonialism gives a framework that depicts destabilized dominant Western discourse. The feature of post-colonial theory is to examine of the effect and legacy of the European colonization. It helps in recognizing the colonial assumption and consequences having inequality in the health promotion. It draws attention towards the Western culture and colonial activities in the society (Furber et al., 2017). The Ottawa Charter have helped in implementing equality among the colonial. The Postcolonial standpoint has been critical for considering different way by which particular colonial vision of the global health has been mobilized. In the case of Nigeria, the inequality in the use of modern contraceptive has been depicted in the paper. The implementation of the Ott awa Charter have helped in mitigating these problems in the country. As argued by (Dyment et al., 2017), in the wider context of Ottawa Charter has its own production that puts in practice with the help of generalized principle. The critical examination of the context of the Nigerian people regarding the use of the conceptive has been performed for implementing the Ottawa Charter. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter has been decided including creating supportive environment (McFarlane et al., 2017). A supportive environment helps in maintaining proper use of the modern contraceptive among women in Nigeria. Proper knowledge and awareness regarding the use of the contraceptive is required among the people pf Nigeria. This might help in understanding them about the use of the modern contraceptive. However, it is difficult not to see colonial imagination at work in a charter that is concerned with the Nigerian context. Various range of strategies are discovered for the implementation of the Ottawa Charter for maintaining balance in the use of the modern contraceptive in Nigeria. The health promotion have become a channelized process in the industry that is required by every organization. The use of the modern contraceptive have helped in maintaining the birth rate of child (Alami et al., 2017). The implementation of the Ottawa Charter in the Nigerian area have helped in maintaining the reproduction rate of the child. The mortality rate of the country has been balanced. The health promotion campaign under the Ottawa Charter have helped in providing awareness about the modern contraceptives among people in society. Emotions and social identity affects the colonial activities in the country. People are socially and emotionally attached to their loved one and require proper health care. The health promotion have been properly managed in the country for helping women from miscarriage. As commented by Eckermann, (2017), the use of the modern contraceptive have helped in providing proper solution for the problems faced by women in Nigeria. The use of the modern contraceptive have provided various approaches for the women in their marriage life in Nigeria. The women in the society are benefited from the action area implemented by the Ottawa Charter. The positive normalization of the health promotion in the western countries have able to position this action area for intervention of everyday behavior of people. The Ottawa Charter masked power imbalances and Western-centric worldviews, while also silencing non-Western voices. Conclusion It can be concluded that the Ottawa Charter have helped in maintaining the equality of use of modern contraceptive among women. The research has focused on inequality in use of modern contraceptive in the Nigeria. The Ottawa charter has been briefly described in the report. The factors implementing in the Ottawa Charter has been properly discussed in the chapter. A critical analysis has been provided at the end of the report that help in proper understanding about the implementation of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion in Nigeria. References Alami, H., Gagnon, M. P., Ghandour, E. K., Fortin, J. P. (2017). Reorientation of health services and health promotion: a review of the situation.Sant Publique,29(2), 179-184. Chen, T. H., Huang, J. J., Chang, F. C., Chang, Y. T., Chuang, H. Y. (2016). Effect of workplace counseling interventions launched by workplace health promotion and tobacco control centers in Taiwan: An evaluation based on the Ottawa charter.PloS one,11(3), e0150710. Davies, S. C., Winpenny, E., Ball, S., Fowler, T., Rubin, J., Nolte, E. (2014). For debate: a new wave in public health improvement.The Lancet,384(9957), 1889-1895. Dyment, J., Emery, S., Doherty, T., Eckhardt, M. (2017). Move Well Eat Well: Case study of a successful settings-based approach to health promotion.Health and Wellbeing in Childhood, 283. Eckermann, E. (2017). Global health promotion in the era of galloping populism.Health Promotion International,32(3), 415-418. Fry, D., Zask, A. (2016). Applying the Ottawa Charter to inform health promotion programme design.Health promotion international, daw022. Furber, C., Pusey, H., Busby, A., Stringer, E. (2017). Integrating public health practice into the graduate's role through pre-registration education.British Journal of Midwifery,25(5). Gagn, T., Lapalme, J. (2017). 1986: Ottawa and onwards.The Lancet Public Health,2(2), e71. Gagn, T., Lapalme, J., Leroux, J. (2017). Letter to the Editor The implications of the professionalization of health promotion in Canada: a response to JR Grahams letter to the editor.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada: research, policy and practice,37(5), 172. Kickbusch, I., Nutbeam, D. (2017). A watershed for health promotionThe Shanghai Conference 2016.Health Promotion International,32(1), 2-6. Lee, M. S. (2015). The principles and values of health promotion: building upon the Ottawa charter and related WHO documents.Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion,32(4), 1-11. McFarlane, K., Devine, S., Judd, J., Nichols, N., Watt, K. (2017). Workforce insights on how health promotion is practised in an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service.Australian Journal of Primary Health. Mendes, R., Plaza, V., Wallerstein, N. (2016). Sustainability and power in health promotion: community-based participatory research in a reproductive health policy case study in New Mexico.Global health promotion,23(1), 61-74. Sarmiento, J. P., Sarmiento, J. P. (2017). Healthy universities: mapping health-promotion interventions.Health Education,117(2), 162-175. Stock, C., Milczarski, A., Saboga-Nunes, L. A. (2016). Is the Ottawa Charter still relevant? A survey among health promotion practitioners and researchers: Christiane Stock.The European Journal of Public Health,26(suppl_1), ckw168-017. World Health Organization. (2016). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. 2013.

Show, Don’t Tell Avoiding the Information Dump in Fiction

SHOW, DON’T TELL: AVOIDING THE INFORMATION DUMP IN FICTION The key to good fiction is giving your readers a reason to keep going — little mysteries and mini-conflicts that add suspense and create tension. After all, if you feel like you know everything about a character in the first few pages, is there any real reason to waste time finding out what will happen to him? Here’s what I mean: Pete works at a pharmacy. He’s in his mid-20s, and he loves Asian cuisine and professional wrestling. He lives with his mother, but he wants to move out on his own when he saves up the money. He likes a girl at work named Myrna, but he’s afraid to ask her out on a date. This is critical stuff: We have hints of a few conflicts: Pete is shy, but he’d like to go on a date with a coworker. He wants his own apartment, but he can’t afford it right now. And, we know a little about his interests and goals. But, it’s dull, dull, dull. It’s an information dump — in a rush to introduce Pete, we’ve put our readers into a coma. This one’s a little better: Pete set down his plate of teriyaki and stared at Myrna from across the break room. Even dressed in her white, polyester lab coat, she was stunning. I wonder if she likes wrestling, Pete thought. I’ve got two tickets to next week’s match. Maybe I should just ask her out. Just as friends. Oh, who am I kidding? I can’t even afford my own place  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  who wants to go out with a guy that still lives with his mother? Myrna looked up and met his gaze. Pete snatched a newspaper and opened it to a random page, trying to look casual. That’s when he saw the advertisement: â€Å"Wrestlers needed for amateur match. Saturday night. First prize $5,000.† The hints of conflict in the first version have become specific questions: Will Pete ask Myrna on a date? Will he put on tights, get in the ring, and win first prize? Focus on showing — revealing details through a character’s speech, thoughts, and actions —  rather than simply telling the reader what’s important.

Free Essays on Power In Hobbes Leviathan

, peace would arise only out of our ‘natural’ tendency to do the action most advantageous to ourselves. The most advantageous action, however, might be war, in which case there would be no peace (Chapter XIV, paragraph 1). This concept is known as egois! m, and it is the opposite of altruism. This seems like somewhat of a paradox or a breakdown in Hobbe’s theory, since war would definitely be hazardous to one’s health, and yet it is supposedly our natural condition. Hobbes describes his view of human nature as â€Å"†¦a perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death†(Chapter XI, paragraph 2). When analyzing why Hobbes believes that man constantly wants an ever increasing amount of power,... Free Essays on Power In Hobbe's Leviathan Free Essays on Power In Hobbe's Leviathan An analysis of power in Hobbes’ Leviathan In Leviathan, one of the main themes that Hobbes discusses is the pursuit of power. It is this pursuit of power that makes people do the things that they do, according to Hobbes. Hobbes writes about the reasons why we crave power, how we do it, and the only way he sees to control it. In a few of his arguments there seem to be paradoxes in his philosophy. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly explore these ideas. We will be analyzing two different aspects of power which Hobbes discussed: the search for power by all human beings (he refers to them as â€Å"men†; important?) and the power held by the government, which Hobbes called the Sovereign. According to Hobbes, it is the natural tendency of humans to provide for oneself above all others and to not do anything, â€Å"†¦that is destructive of his life or taketh away the means of preserving the same†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chapter XIV, paragraph 3). He also writes that war is the natural condition of humans. â€Å"The passions that incline men to peace are fear of death, desire of such things as are necessary to commodious living, and a hope by their industry to obtain them†(Chapter XIII, paragraph 14). In other words, peace would arise only out of our ‘natural’ tendency to do the action most advantageous to ourselves. The most advantageous action, however, might be war, in which case there would be no peace (Chap ter XIV, paragraph 1). This concept is known as egois! m, and it is the opposite of altruism. This seems like somewhat of a paradox or a breakdown in Hobbe’s theory, since war would definitely be hazardous to one’s health, and yet it is supposedly our natural condition. Hobbes describes his view of human nature as â€Å"†¦a perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death†(Chapter XI, paragraph 2). When analyzing why Hobbes believes that man constantly wants an ever increasing amount of power,...

Positive impact of social-emotional development learning program Dissertation

Positive impact of social-emotional development learning program - Dissertation Example The effective growth of children needs many factors to be put into consideration. That is one need to ensure that children are given the best care as well as the surroundings to enable them to grow up in a desirable manner. Moreover, they need to understand their personality, feeling, what they expect to receive from people surrounding them, and social roles. The above connotations are at the center of their social-emotional success in their lives. Having a positive impact regarding social-emotional development will support the children’s self-confidence as well as their ability to develop worthwhile and unending friendships. In addition, it will help to change their feeling of importance of those around them (Wong, 2014). Children's social-emotional development motivates all other development's areas and helps children to understand themselves more and be able to express their ideas as well as emotions. Therefore, Schools must give children intellectual and practical material s to help them to develop their emotional and social intelligence. The program is likely to face negative reaction from the people of Hong Kong. They are likely to doubt this program because they do not believe that it is important to produce socially responsible and happy citizens. As a result, most Chinese children are more likely to be poor in express their ideas as well as managing their feeling and lack of self-confident. Therefore, it would be urgent to take research to applying for the social, emotional learning program in Honk Kong schools to fill this gap.

American history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American history - Assignment Example He went ahead and even compromised in order for the deadlocks to be broken (Cassara 112). Under the Articles of confederation the taxes were levied by the state legislators in order to regulate the trend that had been adapted by England after they enacted their laws in 1764. These trends had made it difficult for trade to be conducted as some colonialists were infuriated by the disorganization of the laws that had been established to levy taxes without any form of consent. The people eventually were reluctant to pay taxes (Senzell 20). Slavery in Massachusetts was emancipated in 1783. This was after a number of cases that resulted in the agreements by many that the action was not acceptable to God and it was a form of violation to Him. There was a delay by five years in the approval of the Article of Confederation because during this period the United States was not in good terms with Britain. The main conflicts between the two countries were based mainly foreign affairs and the economy of the ruling government. In addition to that there was war between Indians and French in some of the colonies the British had interest in. The British had resistance in tax payment claiming that they wanted equal representation in the English Parliament. This took a while before an agreement was reached. The three main areas of concern of the confederation government included the foreign affairs, the economy of the federal government and taxation. This is evident as there were enough wrangles especially amongst the British and the state legislatures. The common feature of the constitution in all states after the declaration of the independence include the fact none of this states had no ability to coin money and both the federal government and states could form post facto and or bill of attainder. The states that have language of equality in their constitutions include New Jersey and Florida.

Journal #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal #1 - Essay Example Michael, the owner of the Biomedical Tissue Services had a business plan where he would pay the funeral directors to be granted the permission to access the dead bodies and later resell spines, bones and other tissues to other firms who needed human spare parts. In the year 2005, Michael was exposed by prosecutors for having gained $4.6 million in just three years. He offered undertakers $1000 for providing access to the dead bodies, paid the cutters $300 to $500 for extracting the wanted organs, and afterwards took home around $7000 per body. Later on, the New York Police interviewed the families of 1077 people whose bodies went missing for bones, spines and other tissues. Kristen E. Schleiter, a senior research associate for the Council on â€Å"Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association†, in his article "DONORS HAVE NO RIGHTS TO DONATED TISSUE" explains that one might have surrendering ownership of donated tissues of himself or herself or the person close to him or her. One of the definitions of Autonomy is that it allows an individual to participate in a clinical research and donate the body tissues towards research purposes with the boundaries unclear when the donated tissues depart the body and the recipient accepts them. However, no law has been passed to clearly establish and govern the ownership rights in donated tissues but researchers and institution have made assumptions that they have the right to study, transfer, collect, or get rid of human tissue specimens and the associated patient data such as genetic testing. There have also been assumptions by researchers that they can use the tissue and other respective body parts to develop a genetic sequence, cell lines and other products that may be rewarded financially. Moore v. Regents of University of California case proved that even if the excised cells initially belonged to a certain individual, the cells were legally and factually distinct from the research

Literature Review On Web Usage Mining Computer Science Essay

Literature Review On Web Usage Mining Computer Science Essay The Internet has become the largest database ever existed. During the early times of this decade it has been estimated that the internet is having more than 350 million pages [11]. But through a research conducted a few years ago it was found that the indexed part of World Wide Web alone consists of a minimum of 11.3 billion pages [12]. Also the number of people using the internet is growing exponentially. A survey conducted by Computer Industry Almanac itself is an evident for this fact. According to the results of the survey the number of online users had crossed one billion in 2005 while it was only 45 million in 1995. They had also predicted the number to cross two billion by 2011[13]. For the users of the internet finding the required information from this large volume of data has become extremely difficult. So it has become essential to find efficient ways for information retrieval. Also it has been found that more than 90% of the data is in unstructured format. So organizing and structuring this data has become a very important issue among researchers. With this large amount of information available on the web business processes needs to transcend from simple document retrieval to knowledge discovery. Business people were trying to get useful patterns from the available data which will help them for better understanding of their customer needs which in turn provides better customer satisfaction. Literature Review on Web Usage Mining Web mining helps the web designers in discovering the knowledge from the information available in the web. Also it helps the users in getting the fast retrieval of the information they are looking for. Three major areas of web mining are Web content mining- Trying to get useful information from the text, images, audio and video in web pages Web structure mining- Trying to understand the link structures of the Web which will help in categorization of Web pages. Web usage mining- Trying to get useful information from the server logs to understand what the users are looking for. It also helps in personalization of web pages. Though all the three categories of web mining are interlinked, in this research we were going to discuss about the web usage mining. Web usage mining helps the web masters to understand what the users were looking for so that they can develop the strategies to help the user to get the required information quickly. Web mining is generally implemented by using the navigational traces of users which give the knowledge about user preferences and behavior. Then the navigational patterns were analyzed and the users were grouped into clusters. The classification of navigational patterns into groups helps to improve the quality of personalized web recommendations. These web page recommendations were used to predict the web pages that are more likely to be accessed by the user in near future. This kind of personalization also helps in reducing the network traffic load and to find the search pattern of a particular group of users. Data mining techniques like, clustering, sequential pattern mining and association rule mining were used in web mining. All these techniques were used to extract interesting and frequent patterns from the information recorded in web server logs. These patterns were used to understand the user needs and help the web designers to improve the web services and personalization of web sites. Web Access Sequence Generally the web usage mining will be done based on the navigation history stored in the logs of the web server. This navigation history is also called as Web Access sequence which will contain the information about the pages that a user visit, the time spent on each page and the path in which the user traverse with in the website. So the web access sequences will contain all the details of the pages that a user visited during a single session. This data that we get from the log files will be subjected to various data mining techniques to get the useful patterns which can describe the user profile or behavior. These patterns will act as the base knowledge for developing the intelligent online applications, to improve the quality of web personalization, web recommendations etc The web mining can be generally classified in to two categories online mining and offline mining. In offline mining we use the data stored in the log files to find the navigational patterns while in online mini ng the requests of users in his current active session will be used. Current user profile will be decided by matching the recommendations from both the online and offline methods. Several systems have been designed to implement the web usage mining. Among many Analog is one of the first systems developed for Web Usage mining. It has two components online component and offline component. The offline component will reformat the data available in the log file. Generally the web server log will contain the information like IP address of the client, the time in which the web page is requested, the URL of the web page, HTTP status code etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Then the data available will be cleaned by removing the unwanted information after which the system will analyze the users activities in the past with the information available in the log files of the web server and classify the users session into clusters. Then the online component will classify the active user sessions based on the model generated by the offline component. Once the user group is found then the system will give a list of suggestions to each user request. The suggestions will depend on the user grou p to which the user belongs. Clustering Techniques One of the important portions of web usage mining is the process of clustering the users in to groups based on their profile and search pattern. The clustering of the users session can be done in several ways. Christos et al. represents each page as a unique symbol which makes the web access sequence to a string [1]. Consider S as the set consisting of all possible web access sequences. Then the web mining system will process this set S in offline as a background process or during the idle time to group the pages in to clusters such that similar sequences were in the same cluster. The formed clusters were represented by means of weighted suffix tree. The clustering is done by constructing a similarity matrix [1] which then is given as input to k windows clustering algorithm [10] to generate the clusters with very similar Web access sequence. When two web access sequences have the same length then the global alignment has to be taken into account rather than the local alignment. Also the scores were calculated for both the local and the global alignment. A simple way to calculate the scores is to assign a positive value to a matching sequence and a negative value for a mismatch. Two web access sequences were said to be similar if they have the maximum alignment in their sequence. Some times the web pages listed in the sequence may be unimportant to the user. The user may have reached that page by a wrong click. In such cases the users will immediately leave that page. So the user will stay only for a short time in these kinds of unimportant pages. So before considering the web sequence alignment we have to take care of all these factors in order to get the useful patterns. C.Suresh et al had proposed an approach in which the clusters were identified based on the distance based clustering methods also they had developed a framework to compare the performance of various clustering methods based on the replicated clustering. In traditional methods, the distance between two user sessions will be calculated using the Euclidean-distance measure. But experiments show that the Sequence Alignment Method is better in representing the behavioral characteristics of web users than the Euclidean-distance method. Cadez et al [14] categorizes the users session as general topics and the behavior of each particular topic is represented by morkov chain. Fu et al. [15] uses Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies (BIRCH) algorithm for clustering at page level. BIRCH is a distance-based hierarchical algorithm and it is used for clustering the web user sessions. It has been noticed that the increase in the number of pages is diminishing the performance of the BIRCH algorithm. Since each website contains hundreds of pages considering each page as a separate state will make the clustering unmanageable. To overcome this difficulty the authors proposed an approach to generalize the sessions using attribute-oriented induction. In this new approach the clustering of pages will be done at the category level. It is has been always a difficult job to map a particular page to a specific category but it can be done by using clustering algorithms. The commonly used algorithm for clustering is k-means algorithm but the major disadvantage of k-means algorithm is, we have to specify number of clusters to be found in advance which is not possible in real world scenario. To overcome this problem, researchers were using the fuzzy ART neural networks, an unsupervised learning approach. In this approach there is no need to specify the number of cluster in advance. The main issue with fuzzy ART neural network is the category proliferation which leads to the unrestricted growth of clusters. Sometimes the fuzzy ART network will produces a large number of clusters with only a few members in each cluster. After considering the merits and demerits of both the algorithms the authors had proposed a hybrid approach called FAK. The FAK algorithm has two phases in the first phase fuzzy ART is used as an initial seed generator to generate the clusters. From the identified clusters we will remove the cluster whose centroids were nearer to others t hereby addressing the category proliferation problem. The first phase will be followed by applying the k-means algorithm in the second phase to get the final clusters. They found that the FAK algorithm performs much better than the other methods. The most important to be considering during the clustering is the number of user sessions that should be taken into account for clustering. In most cases the designers will decide it is enough to consider the first N sessions of a user for the decent recovery of his web cluster. Also they will decide whether to consider or not the sessions with the short session lengths because those sessions may not be helpful in identifying the clusters. So the two main factors we have to consider while performing the clustering is the number of user sessions to be considered and the minimum session length. Combining the web content mining and web usage mining An experiment was conducted in order to extract the navigational pattern of the websites user [6]. The experiment aims at predicting the users gender and whether they are interested in certain website sections. The results of the experiment were analyzed and it is found that the model was only 56% accurate. The reason for low accuracy is found to be the failure to include the web content in the classification model. It is believed that exploring the content of the page will helps in better understanding of the user profile thereby the classification accuracy will be improved. The web usage mining and web content mining can be combined together and it is used in the area of web personalization. In the web personalization the contents of the web page will differ for each user according to their navigational pattern. In this technique the web links that the user may visit in the near future will be predicted based on their profile. Those predicted links will be dynamically displayed in the webpage that the user requested. Also web links of the frequently visited pages will be highlighted at the same time pages which were not visited for a long time will be removed. This hybrid approach is implemented by doing an initial clustering based on the contents of the web pages followed by the Web Access Sequence alignment. Text clustering can be done effectively by spherical k-means algorithm [10]. Since the multiple sequence alignment consumes more time and space it can be effectively replaced by the iterative progressive alignment. Weighted suffix tree is used to find the most frequent and important navigational pattern with little memory and computational costs. It has been proved that the content exploitation has improved the performance by 2-3%. In the model proposed by Liu [7] the contents of the web pages and the information from the web server log files is used together in order to extract the meaningful patterns. The extracted contents of the web page represented by means of character N-grams. The users of the web site can be classified by two approaches namely proactive and reactive approach. The proactive approach tries to map each request to a user before or during the users interaction with the site. While the reactive approach maps each request to a user after the user completes the interaction with the site. In order to use the proactive approach the browser cookies needs to be enabled and it is necessary that the user must be aware of cookies. So it is always easy to use reactive approach which does not require the user to have any prior knowledge. An experiment has been conducted with 1500 sample sessions to evaluate the proposed method. The results show that the system is 70% accurate in classification and 65% i n prediction. The success of the website also depends on the user perceived latency of documents hosted in web server. It is obvious that short User Perceived Latency will have a positive effect towards the user satisfaction. This has been also proved by a study conducted by Zona Research Inc. in 1999. The study shows that if a web site takes more than eight seconds to download then a 30% of the visitors is more likely to leave the site [35]. User perceived latency is influenced by many factors like fast internet connection, increasing the bandwidth of ISP, etc One way to reduce the UPL is by using the browser cache. In this approach frequently accessed will be pre-fetched and stored in browser cache. Generally Web cache is implemented by using the proxy server. All the requests from the user to a web server will be interpreted by the proxy servers. If the proxy server has a valid copy of the response then it will give the results to the users. Otherwise the requested will be forwarded to the original server. The real server will send the response to the proxy server. The proxy server will retain a copy of the response in the cache and then send the results to the users. The main Problem with the web cache is if the cache is not up to date then the users will be provided with stale data. Also if a large amount of users access a web server simultaneously then it may results in severe caching problems which may results in the unavailability of the web pages. To overcome all these issues author suggested an approach which combines the web prefetching and caching together. In this approach we have to first identify the objects that needs to be pre-fetched in a web cache environment fr om the information available in the log files. After identifying the objects we have to group these objects into clusters for each client group. When a user requests for an object first he will be assigned to one of the client group then the proxy server will fetches all the cluster objects of that particular client group. Finally the requested object will be delivered to the user. To have a minimal UPL we have to predict the users preferences based on the pages he had already visited. The importance of the page is determined by the weights assigned to the page by the algorithm. If two or more pages have the same weight then we rely on the page rank. Page Rank [22] is A probability distribution used to represent the likelihood that a person randomly clicking on links will arrive at any particular page. Page rank can be assigned to the document of all sizes. If a document is having a page rank of 0.5 then it means that if a user clicks on a link randomly then there is 50% probability for the link to land on the particular document. Consider a web site consisting of four pages P1, P2, P3, and P4. Initially the page rank of all the pages will be same. Since there are four pages each page will be assigned with a page rank of 0.25. If all the pages P2, P3 and P4 posses link to only P1 then each of the three pages will contribute 0.25 page rank to P1. The page rank of P1 can be calculated by using the following formula. PR (u1) = PR (u2) + PR (u3) + PR (u4) If suppose page P2 is having another one link to page P3 and if P4 is having links to all the three pages then the link-vote value will be divided among all the outbound links of a page. So Page P2 will contribute 0.125 to page P1 and 0.125 to page P3. Similarly P4 will contribute one third of its page rank value to P1. The general formula for calculating the page rank value for any page is as follows. PR (u) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ PR (v) Bp is the set of all pages linking to page P L (v) is number of links from page v Web Page recommendation is an important section in web personalization. Weighted Association rule mining is used to predict the page recommendations. In this method we assign a weight to each web page. The importance of the page is determined by the weight assigned to the page. In this approach the weight for each page is assigned based on the frequency in which the page is visited by the user and the time spent by the user on a particular page. The frequency weight of a page FW is calculated using the following formula FW (p) =Number of visits on a page (P) Total number of visits on all pages X PR (P) Where PR is the page rank of p. Time spent on each page reflects the relative importance of each page for a user. Bcause the user will spend more time on the page he is interested in and he will quickly traverse the other unwanted pages. The two factors that we have to consider while calculating the actual time spent on a page is as follows. The size of the web page and the transfer rate, the assumption is that the transfer rate is constant for a user then the time spent on a page will be inversely proportional to the amount of useful information available to the user from that page. The weight of a page can be calculated using the following formula TW (P) =Time spent on a page (p)/page size of (p) Max pÆ P Time spent on a page (p)/page size of (p) Based on these two values the total page weight is calculated as follows W (p) =FW (p) +TW (p) According to the page rank algorithm, the link to important page will appear as an outbound link in many pages. Web prefetching reduces the latency. In prefetching the networks idle time is utilized to fetch the anticipated web pages. In [7] Chen et al. proved that the cache hit ratio had enhanced to 30-75% through pre-fetching. Also the access latency can be reduced by 60% when we combine the caching and pre-fetching techniques [8]. Pre-fetching takes place only if the network bandwidth is less than the predetermined threshold also only the web pages that are not available in the cache will be pre-fetched. Pre-fetching increases the network traffic but at the same time it helps in reducing the latency. Several approaches were available for web pre-fetching like Top-10 approach, Domain-top approach, etc In top-10 approach web proxies will be periodically updated by the web servers regarding the most popular document information. The proxies will then send this update information to the clients [9]. In domain-top approach the web proxies will first search for the popular domains and then it looks for the important documents in each domain. A suggestion list will be prepared for the user with the knowledge of the proxy server about the popularity of domains and documents and this list will be used for users future requests. In this dynamic web pre-fetching technique user preference list will be maintained for each user which will contain the list of web sites which will be available for immediate access to the user. This user preference list will be stored in the database of the proxy server. Dynamic web pre-fetching technique uses the intelligent agents to monitor the network traffic. When ever the network traffic is low then the system increase the pre-fetching similarly in a heavy traffic it will reduce the pre-fetching thereby helps in utilizing the idle time of the network also maintains the traffic constant. The number of web links to be pre-fetched depends on the usage of bandwidth and weights of the web pages. While assigning the weights to the web pages preferences will be given to the links which are accessed frequently and recently. By using this technique the cache hit ratio has been increased by 40-75% and latency is reduced to 20-63%. The log file modeling is the important task in web usage mining. If we use an accurate model for modeling the web log file then the accuracy of web page prediction scheme will also increase. The most commonly used model is Markov model. In markov model each page represents the state and the visited sequence of a pair of page represents the transition between two pages. The accuracy of the traditional first order markov model is less because of the lack of in-depth analysis. In contrast the second order markov model is more accurate but the time complexity of the model is high. In [11] they had proposed a hybrid approach called dynamic nested markov model in which the second order markov model is nested with in the first order markov model. In the dynamic markov model the insertion and removal of nodes is much easier. The node will contain all the information about the web pages like the web page name, inlink list which is a list that contains the name of the previous web page, count of the web page which will represents the number of times the current web page is reached from the previous web page and the outlink list contains the list of nodes which contains the name of the next web page and its count. In this model the number of nodes will be always same as the number of web pages. Since we have replaced the transition matrix structure in the traditional markov model with the dynamic linked list the time complexity of the proposed model is less than the traditional model. Also the model covers The experiment conducted with the web site that serves 1200 users and receives a minimum of 10,000 requests per day. The experimental data is split into three sets DS1 which contains 3000 pages, DS2 with 1000 pages and DS3 with 1500 pages. It has been shown that DS1 has taken 537 ms and DS2 has taken 62 ms and DS3 has taken 171 ms. So it is evident that time taken for DNMM generation is directly proportional to the number of web pages and the size of the log file. The latency can also be reduced by client side pre-fetching. A prefetching model proposed by Jaing [3] is based on the users search pattern and the access rate of all the links in a web page. Each link will have a counter which will be incremented whenever it is clicked by a user. The access rate is the ratio of the links counter value to the counter value of that particular page. The pre-fetcher will fetch the web pages whose access rate is high. The main advantage of this model is that this model can be executed independently in clients machine. But the disadvantage of this model is that it will increase the processing overhead of the clients computer. Initially the web pages will contain one HTML document it may include some images. But in recent days several HTML documents were embedded in to a single web page. In such cases the browser displays the embedded documents along with the requested documents. These embedded documents decrease the prediction accuracy of the system. Also if the user requests a page by typing the URL in the browser navigation bar then these requested will not be taken in to account by any link analysis method. To overcome these drawbacks kim has proposed a prefetching algorithm. In this algorithm the request patterns were represented by means of a link graph. The nodes of the graph represent the unique URL of the HTML documents and the edges represent the hyperlink or an embedded link and it is directed from the referring document to the referred document. When a user requests a webpage then the access counter value of the node corresponding to that particular web page or document will be incremented by o ne. Also when a user traverses from one page to another page then the access counter value of the corresponding edge will be incremented by one. It has been assumed that the user is browsing a page that is displayed on the browser if the user does not make another request within a minimum interval of time. By this time the prefetching module will be executed and the prefetched documents will be stored in the cache. Agarwal, R. (2010). An Architectural Framework for Web Information Retrieval based on Users Navigational Pattern. Time, 195-200. Dimopoulos, C., Makris, C., Panagis, Y., Theodoridis, E., Tsakalidis, A. (2010). A web page usage prediction scheme using sequence indexing and clustering techniques. Data Knowledge Engineering, 69(4), 371-382. Elsevier B.V. doi: 10.1016/j.datak.2009.04.010. Georgakis, a, Li, H. (2006). User behavior modeling and content based speculative web page prefetching. Data Knowledge Engineering, 59(3), 770-788. doi: 10.1016/j.datak.2005.11.005. Jalali, M., Mustapha, N., Mamat, A., Sulaiman, N. B. (2008). A new classification model for online predicting users future movements. Architecture, 0-6. Kim, Y., Kim, J. (2003). Web Prefetching Using Display-Based Prediction. Science And Technology, 0-3. Liu, H., Keselj, V. (2007). Combined mining of Web server logs and web contents for classifying user navigation patterns and predicting users future requests. Data Knowledge Engineering, 61(2), 304-330. doi: 10.1016/j.datak.2006.06.001. Nair, A. S. (2007). Dynamic Web Pre-fetching Technique for Latency Reduction. Science, 202-206. doi: 10.1109/ICCIMA.2007.303. Nigam, B., Jain, S. (2010). Generating a New Model for Predicting the Next Accessed Web Page in Web Usage Mining. 2010 3rd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, 485-490. Ieee. doi: 10.1109/ICETET.2010.56. Pallis, G., Vakali, a, Pokorny, J. (2008). A clustering-based prefetching scheme on a Web cache environment. Computers Electrical Engineering, 34(4), 309-323. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2007.04.002. Park, S., Suresh, N., Jeong, B. (2008). Sequence-based clustering for Web usage mining: A new experimental framework and ANN-enhanced K-means algorithm. Data Knowledge Engineering, 65(3), 512-543. doi: 10.1016/j.datak.2008.01.002. S. Chakrabarti, M. van der Berg, B. Dom, Focused crawling: a new approach to topic-specific web resource discovery, in: Proceedings of 8th Int. WorldWide Web Conf. (WWW8), 1999. A. Gulli, A. Signorini, The indexable web is more than 11.5 billion pages, in: Special interest Tracks and Posters of the 14th International Conference onWorld Wide Web, Chiba, Japan, 2005. A. Banerjee, J. Ghosh, Clickstream clustering using weighted longest common subsequences, in: Proc. of the Web Mining Workshop at the 1st SIAM Conference on Data Mining, 2001 I. Cadez, D. Heckerman, C. Meek, P. Smyth, S. White, Visualization of navigation patterns on a Web site using model-based clustering, in: Proceedings of the Sixth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-2001), Boston, MA, 2000, pp. 280-284. Y. Fu, K. Sandhu, M.-Y. Shih, A generalization-based approach to clustering of Web usage sessions, in: B. Masand, M. Spiliopoulou (Eds.), Web Usage Analysis and User Profiling: International WEBKDD99 Workshop, San Diego, CA, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1836, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2000, pp. 21-38.

Puerto Rico Independence? Essay -- essays research papers

To argue on Puerto Rican Independence, Commonwealth, or Statehood, we must first learn of the history of Puerto Rico. Growing up I was very ignorant about Puerto Rico. It wasn’t till I was in the Navy and got stationed in Puerto Rico did I really find out the small Caribbean island. Although Puerto Rico has an extensive history, I will only give a brief synopsis of it: In November 1493 Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Puerto Rico for the country of Spain. It remained a colonization of Spain until 1898 when Spain ceded the island to the United States after the Spanish-American war. In 1917 Puerto Rican’s became U.S. Citizens, but only 24% consider themselves as American (2000 census). Puerto Rico was also granted its own government and constitution, however, it had to be approved by the U.S. congress. Also Puerto Rico must obey our federal laws. In 1952 Puerto Rico became a â€Å"Commonwealth† associated with the United States. Puerto Rico does not p ay any federal income tax and yet still receive federal benefits. To make for this, they cannot vote in presidential elections and have no voting representation in congress. Puerto Rican Statehood has been a hot issue for several years. Currently, there are three views on this issue: Statehood (New Progressive Party or NPP), Commonwealth (Popular Democratic Party or PDP) and Independence (Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP). In this report, I hope to show each view clearly and back it up with documentation. VIEW OF STATEHOOD Statehood supporters "see the United States as a union of 50 sovereign states united to give their citizens the best opportunity to succeed in life. "They believe that Puerto Rico is in a unique position to join this union and partake of the benefits, and responsibilities, of being an integral part of the United States of America. There are economic, social, and political advantages to becoming the 51st state." PROS OF STATEHOOD In the economics of Puerto Rico, statehood has many pros. The first is that Puerto Rico will receive taxes from their citizens to build the infrastructure of the state. They will have an open market to trade with all nations that are in alliance with the U.S. With becoming a state, Puerto Rico will enjoy the benefits of America's high per capita income and low unemployment rates. "Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States ... ...erto Rico will be able to enter into trade agreements with other free nations as it so chooses. Chris Dodd, Bill Bradley, Pat Moynihan, and various members of the CBO, of Yale University and Harvard University, and others comment on the Independence economic model in very favorable terms. Every major financial analyst and economist in both the academic and federal sectors have expressed appreciation and approval to the economic strategy as being fair, equitable and workable. In a worse case scenario, Puerto Rico will operate under a combined budget of six billion dollars. Puerto Rico would receive revenue from sources such as customs, parks, excise taxes, user-paid tolls, and service fess. That is what several other small, independent nations are doing right now. Allen, R.E. The Dialogues of Plato, Volume II. London: Yale University Press Publisher, 1991. Grant, Michael. Cicero, Selected Works. Blatimore: Penguin Books Publisher, 1960. Dolan, John P. The Essentials Erasmus. New York: The new American Library Publisher, 1964 Internet. Plato (circa 428-C.-347 B.C) Plato Page. http://www.connect.net/ron/plato.html. Hare, R.M. Plato. London: Oxford University Press, 1892 Puerto Rico Independence? Essay -- essays research papers To argue on Puerto Rican Independence, Commonwealth, or Statehood, we must first learn of the history of Puerto Rico. Growing up I was very ignorant about Puerto Rico. It wasn’t till I was in the Navy and got stationed in Puerto Rico did I really find out the small Caribbean island. Although Puerto Rico has an extensive history, I will only give a brief synopsis of it: In November 1493 Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Puerto Rico for the country of Spain. It remained a colonization of Spain until 1898 when Spain ceded the island to the United States after the Spanish-American war. In 1917 Puerto Rican’s became U.S. Citizens, but only 24% consider themselves as American (2000 census). Puerto Rico was also granted its own government and constitution, however, it had to be approved by the U.S. congress. Also Puerto Rico must obey our federal laws. In 1952 Puerto Rico became a â€Å"Commonwealth† associated with the United States. Puerto Rico does not p ay any federal income tax and yet still receive federal benefits. To make for this, they cannot vote in presidential elections and have no voting representation in congress. Puerto Rican Statehood has been a hot issue for several years. Currently, there are three views on this issue: Statehood (New Progressive Party or NPP), Commonwealth (Popular Democratic Party or PDP) and Independence (Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP). In this report, I hope to show each view clearly and back it up with documentation. VIEW OF STATEHOOD Statehood supporters "see the United States as a union of 50 sovereign states united to give their citizens the best opportunity to succeed in life. "They believe that Puerto Rico is in a unique position to join this union and partake of the benefits, and responsibilities, of being an integral part of the United States of America. There are economic, social, and political advantages to becoming the 51st state." PROS OF STATEHOOD In the economics of Puerto Rico, statehood has many pros. The first is that Puerto Rico will receive taxes from their citizens to build the infrastructure of the state. They will have an open market to trade with all nations that are in alliance with the U.S. With becoming a state, Puerto Rico will enjoy the benefits of America's high per capita income and low unemployment rates. "Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States ... ...erto Rico will be able to enter into trade agreements with other free nations as it so chooses. Chris Dodd, Bill Bradley, Pat Moynihan, and various members of the CBO, of Yale University and Harvard University, and others comment on the Independence economic model in very favorable terms. Every major financial analyst and economist in both the academic and federal sectors have expressed appreciation and approval to the economic strategy as being fair, equitable and workable. In a worse case scenario, Puerto Rico will operate under a combined budget of six billion dollars. Puerto Rico would receive revenue from sources such as customs, parks, excise taxes, user-paid tolls, and service fess. That is what several other small, independent nations are doing right now. Allen, R.E. The Dialogues of Plato, Volume II. London: Yale University Press Publisher, 1991. Grant, Michael. Cicero, Selected Works. Blatimore: Penguin Books Publisher, 1960. Dolan, John P. The Essentials Erasmus. New York: The new American Library Publisher, 1964 Internet. Plato (circa 428-C.-347 B.C) Plato Page. http://www.connect.net/ron/plato.html. Hare, R.M. Plato. London: Oxford University Press, 1892